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[18]Norman Roth,Medieval Jewish Civilization:An Encyclopedia.Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages,vol.7(London:Routledge).
[19]Weinryb,The Jews of Poland,313.
[20]Ibid.
[21]Ibid.,115.
[22]Ibid.,313.
[23]Bernard Lewis,The Jews of Islam(Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1984).
[24]《犹太百科全书》网站：http://jewishencyclopedia/。《犹太百科全书》最早是Funk&Wagnalls出版社在1901到1906年间的出版物，包含了十二卷超过一万五千篇文章，一直就依照1901年定的主题——关于犹太教的历史和现实状况以及犹太人。目前是公共领域资源。
[25]Eric Hobsbawm,“Benefits of Diaspora,”London Review of Books,October 20,2005,http://lrb.co.uk/v27/n20/hobs01_.html.
[26]Raphael Patai and Jennifer Patai,The Myth of the Jewish Race(New York:Scribner,1975).
[27]Tian et al.,“Analysis and Application of European Genetic Substructure Using 300K SNP Information,”PLoS Genetics 4,no.1(2008):e4.一个SNP是指单一位点的核苷酸呈多态性。如果我们在一个人群中取两组人类染色体然后同时研究它们，那么大约平均每过1000个位点的长度就会出现一对碱基对的差异。在一个人群的染色体上同一个位置出现不同碱基对的那个位点被称作一个SNP位点。
[28]Howard Gardner,Frames of Mind(New York:Basic Books,1993);Daniel Goleman,Emotional Intelligence:Why It Can Matter More Than IQ(New York:Bantam Books,1995).
[29]Arthur R.Jensen,Bias in Mental Testing(New York:Free Press,1980).
[30]Margaret E.Backman,“Patterns of Mental Abilities:Ethnic,Socioeconomic,and Sex Differences,”American Educational Research Journal 9(1972):1—12;Boris Levinson,“A Comparison of the Performanceof Monolingual and Bilingual Native-Born,Jewish Preschool Children of Traditional Parentage on Four Intelligence Tests,”Journal of Clinical Psychology 15(1959):74—76;Julius S.Romanoff,“Birth Order,Family Size,and Sibling Spacing as Influences on Intelligence and Academic Abilities of Jewish Adolescents,”Department of Psychology,Temple University,1976.
[31]Richard Lynn,“The Intelligence of American Jews,”Personality and Individual Differences 26(2004):201—206.
[32]James F.Crow,“Unequal by Nature:A Geneticist’s Perspective on Human Differences,”Daedalus,Winter 2002,81—88.
[33]Cyril Russell and Harry S.Lewis,The Jew in London(London:Harper Collins,1900).
[34]A.Hughes,“Jew and Gentiles:Their Intellectual and Temperamental Differences,”Eugenics Review 18(July 1928):1—6.
[35]Leon Kamin,The Science and Politics of IQ(Potomac,Md.:Erlbaum,1974);H.Goddard,“Mental Tests and the Immigrant,”Journal of Delinquency 2(1917):243—277.
[36]Daniel Seligman,A Question of Intelligence:The IQ Debate in America(New York:Birch Lane Press,1992).
[37]Hanna David and Richard Lynn,“Intelligence Differences between European and Oriental Jews in Israel,”Journal of Biosocial Science 39,no.3(2007):465—473.
[38]Yinon Cohen et al.,“Ethnicity and Mixed Ethnicity:Educational Gaps among Israeli-Born Jews,”Ethnic and Racial Studies 30,no.5(2007):896—917.
[39]Gregory Cochran et al.,“Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence,”Journal of Biosocial Science 38,no.5(2005):659—693;A.B.Olshenet al.,“Analysis of Genetic Variation in Ashkenazi Jews by High Density SNP Genotyping,”BMC Genetics 9,no.1(2008):14.
[40]Dana S.Mosher et al.,“A Mutation in the Myostatin Gene Increases Muscle Mass and Enhances Racing Performance in Heterozygote Dogs,”PLoS Genetics 3,no.5(2007):e79.