第46章 学会做人（8）
2.5 Questions for Revision and Discussion
（1）《哈姆莱特》的全称是什么？全称作何解释？
（1）What is the full title of Hamlet？ What does the full title mean？
（2）为什么莎士比亚的《哈姆莱特》于1600年就已写成，而1603年第一四开本才出版呢？
（2）Why was Shakespeare’s Hamlet written in 1600 and published the first quarto in 1603？
（3）既然《哈姆莱特》的剧情是借用的，又如何成了不朽巨作呢？
（3）How has Hamlet been turned into an immortal masterpiece since its story was borrowed？
（4）请讲一下《哈姆莱特》的剧情好吗？
（4）Will you please tell the story of Hamlet？
（5）为什么莎士比亚仅15岁就辍学了？他是如何到伦敦开始他戏剧生涯的？他又是如何成为杰出的作家的？
（5）Why did Shakespeare leave school at the age of only fifteen？ How did he come to London，thus starting his career as a dramatist？ How did he distinguish himself as an excellent writer？
（6）为什么莎士比亚晚年写浪漫剧，并与约翰·弗莱彻合作写剧本？
（6）Why did Shakespeare in his later years write romances and cooperate with John Fletcher inwriting plays？
（7）莎士比亚是何时死的？死于什么病？（或：论莎士比亚的人生）
（7）When did Shakespeare die？ What illness did Shakespeare die of？ (Or： On Shakespeare’s Life)
（8）莎士比亚作为戏剧作家和诗人的成功，以及他的戏剧从伊丽莎白时代的英国舞台到当今世界说英语的各国舞台都获成功取决于什么原因？
（8）What reasons do Shakespeare’s success as a playwright and poet and the success of his playsupon the stage from Elizabethan England to the present-day English-speaking world depend on？
（9）莎士比亚戏剧的主要艺术成就是什么？（或：莎士比亚的艺术成就研究）
（9）What are Shakespeare’s chief artistic achievements in his dramas？ (Or： Studies onShakespeare’s Artistic Achievements)
（10）既然莎士比亚有人性恶的一面，为什么他能永远活在受众的心中？
（10）Why can Shakespeare live in the hearts of his audiences in the world since he has the evilside of human nature？
（11）为什么我们要根据文本从人文主义视角来探讨《哈姆莱特》的主题呢？
（11）Why should we discuss the theme of Hamlet from the humanistic perspective according tothe text？
（12）什么是《哈姆莱特》的表层主题？什么是《哈姆莱特》的深层主题？你如何看《哈姆莱特》的主题？（或：《哈姆莱特》的主题探索）
（12）What’s the surface theme of Hamlet？ What’s the deep theme of Hamlet？ How would youcome to know the theme of Hamlet？ (Or： Explorations in the Theme of Hamlet)
（13）什么使哈姆莱特耽搁了需谨慎小心的复仇实施？为什么说哈姆莱特是莎士比亚的所有人物中最复杂的一个？
（13）What has made Hamlet’s delay in exacting his revenge？ Why is it said that Hamlet is one ofthe most complicated of all Shakespeare’s characters？
（14）你如何看哈姆莱特的人生？你如何看莎士比亚的人生？你如何看待你自己的人生？（或：我为什么而活？）
（14）How do you think of Hamlet’s life？ How do you think of Shakespeare’s life？ How aboutyour own life？ (Or： What I Live For？)
（15）哈姆莱特的母亲葛特露是个坏女人吗？为什么？
（15）Is Hamlet’s mother Gertrude an evil woman？ Why？
（16）你如何看哈姆莱特的叔叔克劳狄斯的人生？作为国王，他幸福吗？为什么？
（16）How do you think of Hamlet’s uncle Claudius’ life？ Is he happy， living as a King？ Why？
（17）奥菲利娅的疯病是如何引起的？为什么哈姆莱特拒绝她的爱？你如何看待哈姆莱特与奥菲利娅之间的爱情？
（17）How is Ophelia’s madness caused？ Why does Hamlet reject Ophelia’s love？ How do youthink of the love between Hamlet and Ophelia？
（18）你认为人生的意义是什么？你认为应如何做人？（或：论人生的意义）
（18）What do you think is the meaning of life？ How do you think to be a man？ (Or： OnMeaning of Life)第三节 文学常识Section Three Common Sense in Literature怎么判断一出戏的好坏呢？下列四点是根据陆谷孙教授2002年4月2日对复旦大学全校研究生所作的英语演讲“莎士比亚的开放性”总结来的。
How do we judge a play？ The following four points are based on Professor Lu Gusun’s Englishlecture“Open-endedness of Shakespeare”to all the postgraduates of Fudan University delivered on April 2，2002.
一般而言，我们从四个方面来评价一个剧本。首先是人物；其次是场景；再次是情节或可能存在的从属情节；末为对白。
Generally speaking， we normally judge a play by four things. First， characters； second， scenes； third，plots and sub-plots if any； fourth， language.
剧中人物应成功塑造，在生动性和强烈性、情感深度和心理深度都受到好评。其主要人物通常不但具有典型性而且具有鲜明的个性。以哈姆莱特为例，如果一名男演员有机会出演哈姆莱特一角的话，这就实现了他最热切最自豪的愿望啦，这一经历也会成全他日后走红。
但哈姆莱特难演啊！有这样一种说法，说我们每个人身上都有一丝哈姆莱特的味道。而且，人们都说一千个演员能演出一千个不同的哈姆莱特来。天下有这么多哈姆莱特可供演员们来扮演，所以再怎么演这位王子，总是勉强可以成功或难免有所不足，也就是说，没有哪个演员会演砸了戏，会一丁点儿都不像哈姆莱特。但没人能把哈姆莱特给演绝了，做到曲尽其妙。《哈姆莱特》戏剧中有很多人物，就算其中的掘墓人虽说话粗俗不堪，却也道出了人生的终极真谛。由此可见，其主题思想是多么深刻。
The character in the play should be successfully created， favourably appreciated in vividness andintensity， in emotional and psychological depth. Its major characters are usually not simply type charactersbut they are individuals representing certain types. Take Hamlet for instance. If an actor has the chance toplay Hamlet， it’s his fondest prideful hope to come true， an experience conducive to success. But Hamlet isdifficult to play. There is a saying that there is a smack of Hamlet in every one of us. Also， people say that athousand actors can produce a thousand different Hamlets. As there are so many Hamlets in this world thatactors can play， the prince is at worst played with some passable success or partial failure， meaning no actorwould fail completely in presenting a Hamlet who doesn’t look like Hamlet at all. However， nobody can playa prefect Hamlet， exhausting all nuances of the character. In the play Hamlet， there are many characters，among them， the gravediggers speak a vulgar enough kind of language only to reveal what is ultimately true inhuman life. From here we can also see how profoundly the theme is.
剧中场景应是多种多样。《哈姆莱特》开头的那一段是最精彩的场景之一。这一幕的开头总共才25行，行文又是如此平实简单，却成功地营造了气氛——充满紧张和悬念，让人敛住呼吸，预示着鬼魂的来临和朝中的腐败，以及各种罪恶与危险。可有的时候，莎士比亚也会返归到崇高壮伟的境界，例如《哈姆莱特》临近结尾时的那一场。福丁布拉斯带领着军队登上舞台，然后为哈姆莱特举行了一个军人式的葬礼，天使们在诵唱圣歌祈祷这位王子能得到安息。
The scenes in the play should be various. One of the best scenes remains the opening scene ofHamlet. Altogether there are twenty-five lines composed in plain prose at the beginning of the scene，but the atmosphere is successfully created—so charged： charged with tension and with suspense and sobreathtakingly ominous in anticipation of the ghost， of something rotten in the state of Denmark， and ofwhatever is evil and dangerous！ Sometimes Shakespeare goes back to the sublime by presenting you with ascene of marching armies， like the scene toward the end of Hamlet. Fortinbras leads the army onto the stage，and then they give Hamlet a soldier’s burial， with angles singing the sweet prince to rest.
剧中的情节或可能存在的从属情节应是故事生动性和丰富性的完美融合。值得一提的是最有效也是最常用的戏剧技巧即常被称之为的“戏剧性讽刺”，它是保持观众兴趣并引起观众发笑的主要东西。
The plots and sub-plots if any in the play should be the perfect integration of the vividness and richnessof the story. What is worth mentioning is that the most effective as well as the most frequently employedtheatrical device is what has often been termed“dramatic irony”， the theatrical effect of which is the mainthing to sustain interest and to provoke laughter from the audience.
所有对白都适合所有说各自对白的人物，不仅不同的人物说不同的话，甚至同一个人物在不同的场合或时刻，当其心情不同或说话的目的不同或说话的对象不同，所说的话也不同。总而言之，剧中使用的语言非常丰富多彩，生动活泼，特别富于表达。
All the speeches fit all the characters who speak them， not only different characters speak differently，even the same character speaks differently on different occasions when he is in different moods or speaks fordifferent purposes to different persons. In a word， the language used in the play is very rich and colorful， vividand lively， especially very expressive.